ANALISI DELLA PERFOMANCE SPORTIVA 1Module ANALISI DEL MOVIMENTO
Academic Year 2025/2026 - Teacher: LUCIA DANIELA MARIA RITA RAPISARDAExpected Learning Outcomes
The student must be able to analyze the movement underlying the athletic gesture by breaking it down into its various phases, recognizing the anatomical structures involved, and assessing any hypo- or hypermobility in the range of motion.
They must be able to distinguish between changes in the active range of motion and the passive range of motion, and differentiate whether these changes are due to active or passive muscular insufficiency. The student must understand the difference between flexibility and laxity in the refinement of athletic gestures and be able to assess the biomechanical impact of repetitive movements, predicting possible functional overload injuries and overuse injuries.
A correct evaluation is based on the proper recognition of the postural pattern of the athlete or the person under their care, in order to correct any postural alterations that may cause injuries, overuse damage due to joint overload, and that may negatively affect athletic performance.
The student must know and be able to apply the main methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation and measurement of muscle examination. They must also be familiar with the main biomedical technologies applied to the analysis of human movement, their applicability both indoors and during training, as well as their applications, limitations, and strengths.
They must be able to distinguish between changes in the active range of motion and the passive range of motion, and differentiate whether these changes are due to active or passive muscular insufficiency. The student must understand the difference between flexibility and laxity in the refinement of athletic gestures and be able to assess the biomechanical impact of repetitive movements, predicting possible functional overload injuries and overuse injuries.
A correct evaluation is based on the proper recognition of the postural pattern of the athlete or the person under their care, in order to correct any postural alterations that may cause injuries, overuse damage due to joint overload, and that may negatively affect athletic performance.
The student must know and be able to apply the main methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation and measurement of muscle examination. They must also be familiar with the main biomedical technologies applied to the analysis of human movement, their applicability both indoors and during training, as well as their applications, limitations, and strengths.
Course Structure
The course will be structured as follows:
- Lectures
- Participated lessons
- Cooperative lessons
- Analysis of case studies
If teaching is given in a mixed formula or remotely, necessary changes may be introduced to what was previously stated in order to comply with the provided and reported syllabus.
Learning assessment may also be carried out on line, should the conditions require it.
Required Prerequisites
- Basic knowledge of the anatomy of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the musculoskeletal system, and the biomechanics of movement. Knowledge of the voluntary and involuntary mechanisms of motor control. Basic Knowledge of human physiology.
- Preparatory subjects as per the didactic regulations
Attendance of Lessons
Teaching activities conducted in person with compulsory attendance, as regulated by the Academic Regulations, of the Degree Course in Motor Sciences.
Detailed Course Content
Definition of Movement Analysis and Main Objectives and Purposes
Measurable Parameters of Human Movement
Tools Used in Qualitative and Quantitative Movement Analysis:
• Kinematic analysis (Motion capture)
• Dynamic analysis (force platforms, baropodometric platforms)
• Electromyography
Applications, Limitations, Strengths, Indoor and Field Use
Fundamental Principles of Muscle Analysis
Assessment of Muscle Imbalance
Appropriateness Factors in Muscle Grading
Strength Examination (MRC Scale, Grading Scale)
Active and Passive Muscle Insufficiency
Adaptive Shortening
Assessment of Muscle Stiffness
Protective Muscle Spasm
Assessment of Joint Range of Motion with a Goniometer
Posture:
• Definition
• Control mechanisms
• Assessment methods
• Differences between main muscle patterns
• Analysis of muscle imbalance
• Impact on basic motor activities, training, and athletic gestures
• Injury risk assessment, sports risk factors, corrective motor activities
Flat Back; Sway Back; Kyphotic Back; Kypholordotic Posture; Text Neck
Shoulder Movement Analysis:
• Functional tests for range of motion
• Muscle strength
• Functional overload
Measurable Parameters of Human Movement
Tools Used in Qualitative and Quantitative Movement Analysis:
• Kinematic analysis (Motion capture)
• Dynamic analysis (force platforms, baropodometric platforms)
• Electromyography
Applications, Limitations, Strengths, Indoor and Field Use
Fundamental Principles of Muscle Analysis
Assessment of Muscle Imbalance
Appropriateness Factors in Muscle Grading
Strength Examination (MRC Scale, Grading Scale)
Active and Passive Muscle Insufficiency
Adaptive Shortening
Assessment of Muscle Stiffness
Protective Muscle Spasm
Assessment of Joint Range of Motion with a Goniometer
Posture:
• Definition
• Control mechanisms
• Assessment methods
• Differences between main muscle patterns
• Analysis of muscle imbalance
• Impact on basic motor activities, training, and athletic gestures
• Injury risk assessment, sports risk factors, corrective motor activities
Flat Back; Sway Back; Kyphotic Back; Kypholordotic Posture; Text Neck
Shoulder Movement Analysis:
• Functional tests for range of motion
• Muscle strength
• Functional overload
Movement Analysis in the Management of Sports Injuries in Overhead Athletes
Movement analysis in athletes for the prevention of sports reinjury.
Gait Analysis
Tests for static and dynamic balance and for endurance assessment, for quantifying exercise intensity and monitoring the overall training load in endurance sports, as well as monitoring exercise intensity load in populations requiring adapted physical activity programs for cardiorespiratory conditions.
• Fukuda-Unterberger Test
• Romberg Test
• Babinski-Weil Test
• Tandem Gait
• Sit To Stand and its variants
• Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire Revised
Difference between heterometry and dysmetria and methods for instrumental and manual evaluation: Weber Barstow Test; landmarks for the measurement and quantification of dysmetria/heterometry.
• Counter Movement Jump
• Y Balance Test
• VASoL-S (Visual Analogic Symmetry of Loading Scale)
• Gait test (Six Minute Walking Test, 6MWT)
Borg Scale for dyspnea;
Borg Scale for muscle fatigue assessment.
Gait Analysis
Tests for static and dynamic balance and for endurance assessment, for quantifying exercise intensity and monitoring the overall training load in endurance sports, as well as monitoring exercise intensity load in populations requiring adapted physical activity programs for cardiorespiratory conditions.
• Fukuda-Unterberger Test
• Romberg Test
• Babinski-Weil Test
• Tandem Gait
• Sit To Stand and its variants
• Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire Revised
Difference between heterometry and dysmetria and methods for instrumental and manual evaluation: Weber Barstow Test; landmarks for the measurement and quantification of dysmetria/heterometry.
• Counter Movement Jump
• Y Balance Test
• VASoL-S (Visual Analogic Symmetry of Loading Scale)
• Gait test (Six Minute Walking Test, 6MWT)
Borg Scale for dyspnea;
Borg Scale for muscle fatigue assessment.
APA (Anticipatory Postural Adjustments): Correlation between control/reinforcement mechanisms of APA and sports performance.
Gait Analysis
Movement Analysis applied to jumping for studying specific motor tasks
•Spasticity Assessment and difference between plastic hypertonia and spastic hypertonia Ashwort Scale/Modified Ashwort Scale (MAS)
Gait Analysis
Movement Analysis applied to jumping for studying specific motor tasks
•Spasticity Assessment and difference between plastic hypertonia and spastic hypertonia Ashwort Scale/Modified Ashwort Scale (MAS)
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Textbook Information
1. "I MUSCOLI Funzioni e Test con Postura e Dolore". 5° Edizione - Verduci Editore- F. Peterson Kendall; E. Kendall Mc Creary; P. Geise Provance; M. Mc Intyre Rodgers; W. A. Romani
2. "Anatomia funizionale - Arto Superiore - Arto Inferiore - Testa e Rachide" VII Edizione - Monduzzi Editore - Kapandji
3. Lecture Notes
| Author | Title | Publisher | Year | ISBN |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. Peterson Kendall; E. Kendall McCreary; P. Geise Provance; M. McIntyre Rodgers; W. A. Romani | I MUSCOLI Funzioni e Test con Postura e Dolore. | Verduci Editore | 5° Edizione maggio 2005 | 978-88-7620-724-4 |
| A.I. Kapandji | Anatomia funzionale arto superiore, arto inferiore, testa e rachide | Monduzzi Editore | 7° Edizione2020 | 978-88-6521-099-4 |
Learning Assessment
Learning Assessment Procedures
Oral exam or written exam or both at the discretion of the teacher.
Verification of learning can also be carried out electronically, should the conditions require it.
Examples of frequently asked questions and / or exercises
1. What are the muscle strength assessment scales?
2. According to the MRC scale, how is an active movement defined when it can be performed against gravity but not against resistance?
3. What are the tools for kinematic movement assessment?
4. What are the main postural patterns according to Kendall’s classification?
5. What are the tests for balance assessment?
6. What is the purpose of the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire-Revised?
7. What is the purpose of the Sit-to-Stand test?
VERSIONE IN ITALIANO
2. According to the MRC scale, how is an active movement defined when it can be performed against gravity but not against resistance?
3. What are the tools for kinematic movement assessment?
4. What are the main postural patterns according to Kendall’s classification?
5. What are the tests for balance assessment?
6. What is the purpose of the Waterloo Footedness Questionnaire-Revised?
7. What is the purpose of the Sit-to-Stand test?