PHARMACOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS

Module OTTICA FISIOPATOLOGICA

Understand the fundamental principles of geometric and physiological optics of the eye.

Describe the mechanisms of image formation, accommodation, and pupillary regulation.

Analyze the principles of binocular vision and recognize its main pathophysiological alterations (amblyopia, diplopia, suppression).

Identify and classify the main refractive errors, assessing their impact on binocular balance.

Demonstrate knowledge of corrective solutions (lenses, prisms, contact lenses) and their functional effects.

Apply the concepts of accommodation and understand the role of cycloplegia in diagnosis and therapy.

Comprehend the principles of refractive surgery, with attention to optical and functional outcomes.

Integrate physiopathological knowledge into clinical interpretation and daily orthoptic practice.

Teaching is based on lectures divided by main topics. At the beginning of each lecture, a review of the previous ones is carried out to ensure continuity of understanding on the part of the students

Having attended the ophthalmology clinic in order to combine practical experience with a better understanding of theoretical concepts translated into real clinical practice.

Attend at least 50% of the lectures

Basic Optics

• Review of geometric optics

• Light propagation

• Reflection and refraction

• Ocular diopter and dioptric power

• Simple and compound optical systems

• Optical aberrations

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 Physiological Optics of the Eye

• Optical anatomy: cornea, crystalline lens, aqueous humor, vitreous humor

• Image formation on the retina

• Accommodation and focus variation

• Pupil: optical role and light regulation mechanisms

• Fovea and peripheral retina

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 Binocular Vision

• Principles of binocular vision

• Sensory and motor fusion

• Stereoscopic vision

• Necessary conditions for normal binocular vision

• Pathophysiology: diplopia, suppression, amblyopia, abnormal retinal correspondence

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Refractive Errors and Optical Corrections

• Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, anisometropia

• Presbyopia

• Functional consequences on binocular balance

• Optical corrections:

  • spherical and cylindrical lenses

  • prism lenses

  • progressive lenses

  • contact lenses

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Accommodation and Pharmacology

• Mechanisms of accommodation

• Cycloplegia: mechanisms, diagnostic and therapeutic uses

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Refractive Surgery

• Optical and physiopathological principles

• Main techniques

• Effects on accommodation and binocular balance

• Complications

I vizi di refrazione, Paliaga 2008 IV edition

clarity of expression

General and detailed knowledge of the subject

Analytical skills

Clinical understanding

What are the main types of lenses available to us?

Can you explain what accommodation is?

Do you know the main techniques of refractive surgery?