MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY APPLIED TO HUMAN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Module IMMUNOPATOLOGIA APPLICATA ALLE BIOTECNOLOGIE UMANE

The course of General Pathology aims to provide the knowledge: of the extrinsic and intrinsic causes of human disease, interpreting their fundamental pathogenetic mechanisms; of the fundamental biological mechanisms of defense, damage response and reparation; of cellular alterations and of non-differentiated functions; primary alterations of differentiated functions of organs, systems and systems. It is also proposed to provide a cellular and molecular view of oncology. The mechanisms that regulate the normal, but also the "abnormal", the functioning of the immune system will be studied in depth. In particular the main objectives of the course of Immunology will be finalized to the knowledge: of the general characteristics of the antigens, of the molecular structures (antibodies, receptors, cytokines), of the cells, tissues and organs that make up the immune system; of the mechanisms of maturation of T and B lymphocytes and of regulation of central and peripheral tolerance: of the components and molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immune responses and of their cooperation and integration. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the alterations of the immune system will be investigated, in particular: hypersensitivity reactions, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases.

The course is divided into lectures and theoretical-practical lessons (exercises practical / demonstrative, seminar discussions).

Aggresomes - Bodies included in neurodegenerative diseases

Pathologies of the nucleus:

Nucleus microscopy Chromosome study: cytogenetics

Molecular biology: transgenic animals

Molecular genetics: the methods of molecular pathology

The advent of microarrays

Cell phone damage and cell death

Cellular response to stress

Cellular wounds

Isolated cellular wounds

Cell damage and pathology from free radicals

Free radical reactions in biological systems

Examples of diseases from free radicals

Cell death: oncosis and apoptosis

Cell death with swelling: oncosis

Cell death with narrowing: apoptosis

Programmed cell death

Necrosis

Calcium deposition

Myelin figures

Molecules released from injured, dying and dead cells

Death of large amounts of bacteria

Cell death and necrosis in specialized tissues

Autolysis

How cells kill each other

Killing by the lymphocytes

Killing by the macrophages

Pathological calcification

From plasma calcium to apatite

Histological characteristics of calcification

Two pathways to pathological calcification

Dystrophic calcification

Metastatic calcification

Growth and evolution of calcifications

Extracellular pathology:

Pathology of collagen

Genetic defects and acquired defects of collagen

Pathology of elastin

Genetic defects and acquired defects of elastic fibers

Pathology of the basal membranes

Pathology of proteoglycans

Pathological changes caused by glucose

Amyloid


Inflammation:

The two phases of the inflammatory response: innate and adaptive

Infection and inflammation in comparison

Terminology of inflammation

Reticuloendothelial system

Some fundamentals of the physiology of SRE

Neurogenic inflammation

Generalized inflammation

Inflammation: the protagonists and their language

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Macrophages, Platelets, Mast cells and basophils, T and B lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, Dentritic cells, Endothelial cells, Fibroblasts



Chemical language mediators of inflammation: Origin of endogenous inflammatory mediators; Vasoactive amines; Vasoactive peptides

Complement: Coagulative and fibrinolytic cascade

Intermediates derived from phospholipids

Cytokines

Chemotherapy agents (chemotaxins)

Free radicals

Lysosomal enzymes

Nuclear factors

Bactericidal peptides

Cellular components

Exogenous mediators of inflammation

The four cardinal signs of inflammation

Mechanisms of redness, heat and pain

Triple reaction of the skin

Warmth and pain

Acute inflammation without redness

Acute inflammation without pain

Inflammatory edema: the mechanisms of vascular permeability

Dynamics of exudation

Types of vascular permeabilization

Issues raised by vascular permeabilization

The call of the leukocyte to action: the stages of phagocytosis

Biology of chemotaxis

Chemotaxis and inflammation

Activation of endothelium and leukocyte rolling

Activation and arrest of leukocyte

Diapedesis

Second wave of margination and diapedesis

Reverse diapedesis

Recognition and accession

Phagocytosis

Oxygen-dependent antibacterial mechanisms

Oxygen-dependent antibacterial mechanisms inducing phagocytic activation

Function of adhesive molecules

The inflammatory exudate

Cell sequence and its roots in evolution

Evolution of inflammation

Functions of the inflammatory exudate

Exudated and exudated

Lymphocytes in the inflammation

Chronic inflammation

The many aspects of chronic inflammation

The organization "aseptic resorption"

Abscess

Ulcers

Adhesions: inflammation of serous surfaces

Granulomatous inflammation

The giant cells

Fibrosis

Causes of fibrosis and its development

The healing of wounds

Hemostasis, Inflammation, Escara formation, Migration of resident cells

Regeneration

Initial scar

Scar maturation

Wound healing cells and mediators

Healing by second intention: the contraction of wounds

Healing of infected wounds

Healing of open wounds

Speed of the healing process

Alterations in the healing process

Wound infection

Hypertrophic scars and keloids



Oncology:

Pathology of cell proliferation and differentiation with homeostasis calls

tissue and control mechanisms. Hyperplasia, hypoplasia, hypertrophy, hypotrophy, atrophy,

metaplasia.

Tumors: general characteristics, definition of benignity and malignancy, histogenetic classification.

Dysplasia; carcinoma in situ.

Preneoplastic lesions; familiarity in tumors.

Carcinogenicity: carcinogens and mutagens; chemical, physical and

biological.

Natural history of cancer. Initiation; promotion.

Angiogenesis in the tumors.

Metastasization: cellular and molecular mechanisms; staging of tumors, classification

TNM.

The neoplastic cell: morphological, membrane, biochemical, metabolic properties.

Oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. microrna and cancer.

Neoplastic antigens; immunity in tumors; tumor-host relationships; paraneoplastic syndromes;

neoplastic cachexia.



Vascular disorders:

Alteration of the exchange of liquids

Hyperemia (active and passive)

Edema (localized generalized)

Hemostasis and thrombosis:

Control of the bleeding

Coagulation mechanism (clot retraction, coagulation and Chinine, factors that

counteract coagulation, Fibrinolysis)

Role of the vascular wall in hemostasis

Thrombosis (the Virchow triad)

Natural history of a thrombus (thrombogenesis, arterial and venous thrombosis)

Clinical aspects of thrombosis

CID

Obstacles to Blood Flow:

Emboli

Obstructions of the vessels caused by alteration

Compression obstruction

Obstruction at the capillary level



Ischemia and shock

Localized ischemia and heart attack

Ischemia and reperrfusion

Generalized ischemia (shock)



IMMUNOLOGY

THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

A) ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PROPHYLAXIS, ANAPHYLAXIS

1. Etymological definition and evolution of antigen and antibody concepts

2. The protective and harmful effects of the immunological response



B) ANTIGENS



1. Concept of immunogen and antigen

2. Chemical-physical characteristics and biological properties of antigens

3. Epitope, determinant, aptene, "carrier"; conformational and linear epitopes



C) THE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR



1. Antigen as a ligand

2. The soluble receptor: antibodies and immunoglobulins

3. The receptor associated with the cell membrane

3. Arrangements



D) LYMPHOCYTES AS KEY PLAYERS IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

1. The antigen receptor on the lymphocyte surface

2. Lymphocyte clones and clonal selection

3. The generation of diversity

4. Immune memory



E) CELLULAR TYPES INVOLVED IN IMMUNE RESPONSE

1. Identification of lymph-hematopoietic cells on the basis of molecular markers

(CD nomenclature)

2. T cells; CD4 and CD8 virgin T cells positive

3. B cells

4. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)



F) MOLECULAR BASES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE



1. Molecular properties of lymphocytic B receptors (BCR) and lymphocytic receptors (TCR)

2. Molecules encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

3. The TCR-MHC-Peptide interaction



G) THE ROLE OF MHC IN IMMUNE RESPONSE



1. Cell expression of MHC molecules of I and II class

2. MHC restriction of immune response

3. MHC polykinesis and allelic polymorphism and their immunological significance

4. Selective presentation of antigenic epitopes on MHC molecules

5. The genetic basis for individual variability of response to antigene