GENETICS AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS M - ZModule GENETICS
Academic Year 2022/2023 - Teacher: Giancarlo RAPPAZZOExpected Learning Outcomes
The Genetics module aims to provide the fundamental knowledge of classical and molecular genetics by providing a framework consistent with the teaching of the other planned module of the I.C. and with the other biological courses envisaged by the Degree in Biotechnology.
The student in Biotechnology, with the didactic module of GENETICS acquires the knowledge of Mendelian analysis methods and understands the mechanisms by which Mendelian characters are inherited and learns to apply them for solving genetic problems. You acquire basic knowledge about the structure of genetic material and its organization, as well as the general principles of gene expression. The student knows the main methods of analyzing DNA and its polymorphisms, and understands that many molecules involved in the main genetic processes are widely used in biotechnology. It includes the characteristics of the different types of mutation, the related phenotypic effects, the main mechanisms of spontaneous DNA mutation and its meaning also in the context of evolution. Students at the end of this course will have to be able to effectively communicate biological information, and genetic information in particular, with a specific language.
Course Structure
Required Prerequisites
the organization of living matter and the cell.
Basic skills in mathematics and statistics are also required.
Attendance of Lessons
Detailed Course Content
Chromosomal theory of inheritance. Mitosis. Meiosis. The genetic meaning of Meiosis. The chromosomes of sex. Inheritance linked to sex. The determination of sex. Analysis of characteristics related to sex in humans.
Association. The genical association. Complete and incomplete concatenation. Recombination between genes and role of exchange between chromosomes. Construction of genetic maps.
The genomes of current organisms. Eukaryotic chromosomes. The cariotype.
The mutations. Somatic and germ mutations. Point mutations. The chromosomal mutations of structure and number: classification, methods of formation and genetic and phenotypic consequences. Notes on all-poliploidia and auto-poliploidia. The chemical bases of the mutations. Induced mutations. Physical, chemical and biological mutagenic agents. Environmental mutagenesis and mutagenesis tests (notes). Mutations and their role in the evolution of genes and their products.
The central dogma the main functions of the DNA: replication, transcription and translation. The genetic code: definition and property. Structural, functional and genetic definition of gene. The procarial and eukaryotic genes: general structure and genomic organization. Eukaryotic genes: dimension and formation of interrupted genes. Gene families. The regulation of gene expression: definition and adjustment models. Regulation in procarial and eukaryotes.
Basic methods for DNA analysis. Preparation of the genomic DNA, PCR, enzyme fragmentation, electrophoresis, sequencing. RFLP and their use in diagnostics.
Class exercises: Mendelian genetics. Calculation of the probability applied to genetics. Analysis of genealogical trees to identify the inheritance model. Construction of genetic maps. Analysis of the human cariotype.
Textbook Information
Binelli, Ghisotti e altri. GENETICA. EdiSES, Napoli Russel. GENETICA: UN APPROCCIO MOLECOLARE. Pearson Italia, Milano. Griffiths e altri . GENETICA: PRINCIPI DI ANALISI FORMALE. Zanichelli, Bologna.
Course Planning
| Subjects | Text References | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Introduction to genetics | TESTO 1: cap 1 - TESTO 2: cap 1 - TESTO 3: cap 1 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 2 | Mendelian genetics; crossings between dihydrides and trihydrides. Principle of segregation and independence. | TESTO 1: cap. 3 - TESTO 2: cap 11 (pagg. 263- 284)- TESTO 3: cap 2 (pagg. 29- 52) cap 3 (pagg. 85- 97) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 3 | Meiosis and mitigous compared. Meiosis and the link with Mendel's laws | TESTO 1: cap. 2 - TESTO 2: cap 12 (pagg. 285-296) - TESTO 3: cap 2 (pagg. 81-83) cap 3 (pagg. 98-106) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 4 | Pedigrees | TESTO 1: cap. 4 (pagg. 62-69) e cap. 5 (pagg. 83-91) - TESTO 2: cap. 11 (pagg. 283-289) e cap. 12 (pag. 317-322) - TESTO 3: cap. 2 e cap. 3. p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 5 | Allellical interactions and interactions between genes | TESTO 1: cap. 4 (pagg. 52-61), cap. 7 - TESTO 2: cap 13 - TESTO 3: cap 6 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 6 | Chromosomal theory of inheritance, Morgan experiments and inheritance linked to sex | TESTO 1: cap. 5 - TESTO 2: cap 12 (pagg. 297-313) - TESTO 3: cap 2 (pagg. 52-72) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 7 | Genical association, concatenation and recombination. Genetic maps. | TESTO 1: cap. 6 - TESTO 2: cap 14 - TESTO 3: cap 4 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 8 | Organization of genetic material into chromosomes. The genome | TESTO 1: cap. 9 - TESTO 2: cap 2 - TESTO 3: cap 7 (pagg. 259-269) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 9 | DNA replication in vivo and in vitro | TESTO 1: cap. 9, cap. 15 (pagg. 376-385) - TESTO 2: cap 3 - TESTO 3: cap 7 (pagg. 269-288) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 10 | Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes | TESTO 1: cap. 10 - TESTO 2: cap 5 - TESTO 3: cap 8 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 11 | The genetic code and the protein synthesis | TESTO 1: cap. 11 - TESTO 2: cap 6 - TESTO 3: cap 9 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 12 | Mutation formation mechanisms. The mutagens. Point mutations. Genetics of tumors. | TESTO 1: cap. 12 - TESTO 2: cap 7 (pagg. 115-135) - TESTO 3: cap 16 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 13 | Chromosomal mutations | TESTO 1: cap. 14 - TESTO 2: cap 16 - TESTO 3: cap 17 p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 14 | gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genes involved in development and differentiation | TESTO 1: cap. 16, cap. 17 - TESTO 2: cap 17 cap 18 (pagg. 435-443) - TESTO 3: cap 11 (pagg. 393-408 e 419-424) cap 12 (pagg. 427-432 e 439-444) p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |
| 15 | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzymes, electrophoresis and RFLP | TESTO 1: cap. 20 - TESTO 2: cap 10 (pagg. 235-238 e 242-249) - TESTO 3: cap 10 - p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; direction: ltr; line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background: transparent } |